toxintechnology公司于1984年成立，目的是向工業(yè)界和科學(xué)界提供的葡萄球菌毒素和抗毒素。此外，Toxin Technology公司成立是為了檢測(cè)食品和培養(yǎng)上清液中是否存在葡萄球菌毒素。ToxinTech的創(chuàng)始人R.F.Reiser醫(yī)生和R.H.Deibel醫(yī)生是外派人員。 TS在各自領(lǐng)域的葡萄球菌研究公司成立時(shí)。Reiser博士在葡萄球菌腸桿菌的純化和鑒定方面有豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。 是毒素休克綜合征毒素的。Deibel博士是威斯康星大學(xué)麥迪遜分校細(xì)菌系的主席，他也曾在那里做過。 食品中葡萄球菌和沙門氏菌生長(zhǎng)及其毒素在動(dòng)物模型中作用的研究。副總裁兼實(shí)驗(yàn)室PaulBina于19歲加入Tox技術(shù)公司。 工作人員已增加到8名雇員，其中包括4名板凳科學(xué)家。Toxin Technology的生產(chǎn)線已擴(kuò)大到包括由鏈球菌和大腸桿菌生產(chǎn)的毒素。兔和羊制備的多克隆抗體可用于大多數(shù) e毒素和小鼠單克隆抗體正在加入，因?yàn)樗麄兛梢允褂谩?/span>ToxinTech的服務(wù)部門現(xiàn)在包括檢測(cè)額外的細(xì)菌毒素和霉菌毒素以及Perfor。 明血清中存在抗葡萄球菌和鏈球菌毒素的抗體。合同研究服務(wù)可用于毒素生產(chǎn)和毒素產(chǎn)品挑戰(zhàn)研究領(lǐng)域。這些研究 ES可以根據(jù)良好的實(shí)驗(yàn)室實(shí)踐標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(GLPS)進(jìn)行。toxintechnology目標(biāo)是是為科學(xué)界提供盡可能高質(zhì)量的毒素和相關(guān)產(chǎn)品。在服務(wù)方面，我們的政策是提供 對(duì)細(xì)菌毒素和霉菌毒素進(jìn)行快速、靈敏和有效的檢測(cè)。

TOXINS產(chǎn)品目錄 

TOXINS AND DERIVATIVES ^{1, 2, 3, 4*}                                             

¹Toxin grades are partially purified or highly purified.  None are pure and all contain other

  substances that co-purify and can be detected using improved or very sensitive methods.

² These reagents are intended for laboratory and research purposes only. They are not

   intended for human or veterinary drug use.

³  Minimum U.S. order $50.00, Min. International $250.00. Terms are net 30 days; U.S. dollars only.

⁴ The U.S. DOC requires Export Licenses for ALL Staph & Shiga Toxins.

Toxin Technology Assumes No Liability for the Use of these Products.

ANTISERA

RABBIT

ANTISERA

SHEEP

Murine Monoclonal Antibodies to the Staph Toxins

MA108             Anti-SEA, γ2b, Xreacts with SEE. Overlaps Zn++ MHC binding site,

                          requires Zn++ for binding. (Kappler & Marrack)                 1mg

MBI202             Prepared against Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B                   1mg   

                          IgG; Reactivity: Anti-SEB & SEC.

MB344             Anti-SEB, γ1, 6.0 nM, Not overlapping with the SEB MHC or TCR

                          interaction site (Kappler & Marrack)                                    1mg   

MB327   Anti-SEB, γ2b, 95 nM, Not overlapping with the SEB MHC or TCR

                          interaction site (Kappler & Marrack)                                    1mg   

MB2B33           Anti-SEB, γ1, 5.2 nM, Overlaps with the SEB MHC interaction site.

                          (Kappler & Marrack)                                                             1mg   

MB87      Anti-SEB, γ1, 9.3 nM, Overlaps with the SEB TCR interaction site.

                          (Kappler & Marrack)                                                             1mg   

MC165             Anti-SEC, γ1, Reacts with SEC₁ (1.5nM) > SEC₃ (20nM) > SEC₂ (75nM)

                          (Kappler & Marrack)                                                             1mg   

MCTS-1            Prepared against Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1                1mg   

                          (Formerly Cat. # TS-2) IgG; Reactivity: Anti-TSST-1.

Streptococcal Reagents

Shigatoxin (Verotoxin) Reagents

Monoclonal Antibodies (Murine)

STX1-9C9     1mg     

                       Reference: Padhye, V.V. et al. 1989. J. Med. Microbiol. 30:219-226.

                       Reported Specificity: VT-1; A,A1,B, Neutralizing; VT-2; A,A1,

                                                          Non-neutralizing. Isotype, IgG₁

STX1-3C10    1mg     

                        Reference: Same as above.

                        Reported Specificity: Same as above. Isotype, IgG₁

STX1-10D11   1mg    

                        Reference: Same as above.

                        Reported Specificity: VT-1; A,A1,B, Neutralizing; VT-2; A,A1,B,

                                                           Non-neutralizing. Isotype, IgG₂b

STX2-BB12   1mg    

                       Reference: Pouch Downes, F. et al. 1988. Infection & Immunity. 56:1926-

                                          1933.

                       Reported Specificity: VT-2; B, Neutralizing. The clone was received as

                                                          BB-12; some researchers report that it does not react

                                                          the same as the original “BB12” MAb. Isotype, IgG₁

STX1-13C4   1mg      

                      Reference: Strockbine N.A. et al 1985. Infection & Immunity. 50:695-700.

                      Reported Specificity: VT-1; B, Neutralizing.

                      Note: This MAb can be purchased and used for research purposes only, it is

                                 Not to be used for any commercial purposes and is limited by the

                                 Licensee to a maximum of 5mg per purchase. Isotype, IgG₁ κ

STX2-11E10  1mg     

                        Reference: Perera, L.F. et al. 1988. J. Clin. Microbiol. 26:2127-2131.

                        Reported Specificity: VT-2, Neutralizing(+/-)

                        Note: The same use conditions as STX1-13C4 apply to this MAb

                             Isotype, IgG₁ κ

Shigatoxin Reagents, Continued

Pooled Monoclonal Antibodies

STXPI-1        1mg      Pool of MAb 9C9, 3C10, 10D11 & BB12

STXPC-1       0.5mL  Pooled MAb IgG-HRPO Conjugate            

BSTXPC-1    0.5mL Pooled MAb IgG-Biotin Conjugate            

Shigatoxins (STX, Verotoxins, VT)          

STX-1 (Formerly, SLT-1) Partially Purified Shigatoxin-1*     0.5 mg    

STX-2 (Formerly, SLT-2) Partially Purified Shigatoxin-2*     0.5 mg     

* At least 10 ⁷ Verocytotoxic units/mg.

Ricin Reagents

RCAX-1            Ricin (RCA 60) Toxoid                                                       1 mg

LRCAI-1           Anti-Ricin, Polyclonal Rabbit IgG                                       1 mg  

LRCAC-1         Anti-Ricin IgG-HRPO                                                        0.5 mL

Abrin Reagents

ABR-1               Abrin Toxin (Mixed Isomers)                                              1 mg

ABRX-1            Abrin Toxoid                                                                        1 mg

AABR-1            Anti-Abrin (Inquire)

Listeria Monocytogenes typing antibodies

General technical information

These antibody reagents have been developed in rabbits and are specific for

the somatic and flagellar antigens of Listeria monocytogenes.  They may be

used to identify and characterize different serotypes of L. monocytogenes.  

The reagents are sold in a lyophilized form and are under vacuum.  In this

            evacuated, freeze-dried form, the antibodies are stable for several years when

            stored at - 20 ⁰C or lower.

To rehydrate the antibody reagents, it is recommended to add an equivalent

volume of deionized water (usually l ml) to the vial, then aliquot the content to

convenient working volumes and freeze any of the aliquots which will not be

used within several days.  The shelf life of the rehydrated reagent is

            approximay one week at 4 ⁰C and one year at - 20  ⁰C.

To prepare an aliquot of rehydrated reagent for use in the FDA-BAM serological

            typing procedure, dilute the reagent to the recommended dilution with PBS-

           Tween (0.01 M phosphate, 0.9 % NaCl, 0.05 % Tween-20, pH to 7.4) The diluted

working reagent should be used within 8 hours.

Listeria monocytogenes serotyping reagents:

                       Somatic Groups

Serotype (O - antigens)

   anti - O1a (1) cat. no. LMO1

   anti - O1a (1,2) cat. no. LMO12

   anti - O3a (4) cat. no. LMO3

   anti - O4a (7,9) cat. no. LMO4A

   anti - O4b (6) cat. no. LMO4B6

   anti - O4b (5,6) cat. no. LMO4B56

   anti - O4d (8) cat. no. LMO4D

                         Flagellar Groups

Flagellar antigen

   anti - HA cat. no. LMHA

   anti - HC cat. no. LMHC

   anti - HD cat. no. LMHD

Sold in Individual 1 mL Units or in Set of 1 mL each.

The Listeria monocytogenes serotyping reagents are absorbed,

hyper-immune rabbit serum products.  These products are used

in the FDA-BAM serotyping procedure

TEST SERVICES - DESCRIPTION AND PRICES

Bacterial Toxins                                                            Mycotoxins

Staphylococcal enterotoxins

      - FDA-BAM Screen (no typing)                

           - Confirmation (ELISA-typing)                              - Confirmation & Quantitation          

           - Confirmation (Microslide)              

                                                                                      Escherichia coli toxicology/pathology

       - verotoxins (shiga-like toxins)

             - ELISA (no typing)                                                

             - ELISA (typing)                                

             - Tissue culture (TC)                                         

             - Labile enterotoxin (RPLA)                                   - invasiveness / adherence (TC)     

Streptococcal Toxins

      - pyrotoxins A,B, and C (ELISA)             

Bacillus cereus toxins

      - diarrheal enterotoxin (ELISA)                    -          emetic enterotoxin (TC)

                           Inquire

Clostridial toxins

    - perfringens alpha toxin (enzyme)           

    - perfringens enterotoxin (RPLA)             

    - botulinal toxin screen (FDA)                   

    - botulinal toxin typing (FDA)                   

     Miscellaneous Toxins

Paralytic shellfish toxin, i.e.,                          

    Saxitoxin (mouse)                                       

    Saxitoxin (ELISA)                                      

Endotoxin

     -Qualitative   (Limulus)                               

     -Quantitative (Limulus)                            

References

Staphylococcal Enterotoxins:

1. Bergdoll, M.S. and A.C.L. Wong Staphylococcal intoxications. In Foodborne Infections and Intoxications 3e. Chapter 14. (2006) Elsevier, Inc.

1. Bergdoll, M.S. Enterotoxins. In Staphylococci and Staphylococcal Infections, 2. (1983) Academic

               Press,  London. (SEA-E)

1. Freed, R.C., M.L. Evenson, R.F. Reiser & M.S. Bergdoll. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxins  in

       Foods. (1982)  Appl.  Environ. Microbiol. 44:1349-55.

1. Bergdoll, M.S. et al. A New Staphylococcal Enterotoxin, Enterotoxin F, Associated with Toxic-

        Shock-Syndrome Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates. (1981) Lancet. 1017-21.

         5. Munson, S.H. et al. Identification and Characterization of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Types G and

             I from  Staphylococcus aureus. (1998) Infection and Immunity. 66:3337-48.

         6.  Su, Y.-C. and A.C.L. Wong. Identification and Purification of a New Staphylococcal Enterotoxin,

              H. (1995) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:1438-43.

1. Zhang, S. et al. The Enterotoxin D plasmid of Staphylococcus aureus encodes a second               

       enterotoxin determinant (SEJ). (1998) FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 168(2):227-33.

          8.  Owen, P.M. et al. Biochemical and Biological Properties of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin K. (2001)

       Infection & Immunity. 69:360-366.

  9.  SEL, Dr. Pat Schlievert’s Group (Unpublished)

 10. Jarraud, S. et al. egc, A Highly Preventive Operon of Enterotoxin Gene, Forms a Putative Nursery

       of  Superantigens in Staphylococcus aureus. 2001. J. Immunology. 166:669-677. An Erratum to

       this article was published in J. Immunology 166:4259. (SEM, N & O)

 11. Reiser, R.F. et al. Purification and Some Physicochemical Properties of Toxic-Shock-Toxin. (1983)

        Biochemistry. 22: 3907-12. (TSST-1)

12. Reiser, R.F. et al. Production of Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1 by Staphylococcus aureus  Restricted to Endogenous Air in Tampons. (1987)  J. Clin. Microbiol. 25:1450-52.

13. Schlievert, P.M. et al. Identification an Characterization of an Exotoxin from Staphylococcus aureus Associated with Toxic-Shock Syndrome. (1981) Infect. Dis.143:509-516. [This the first reference to Pyrogenic Exotoxin C. (PEC, aka SEF & TSST-1)]

        14. Schlievert, P.M. & J.A. Kelly. Staphylococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin C: Further Characterization.

              (1982) Ann. Intern. Med. 96(6 pt. 2):982-986

Staphylococcal Enterotoxins as Superantigens:

             1.  Taranta, A. Lymphocyte Mitogens of  Staphylococcal Origin. (1974) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.

                   236:362-375.

             2.  White, J. et al. The Vß-Specific Superantigen Enterotoxin B: Stimulation of Mature T Cells and

                  Clonal  Deletion in Neonatal Mice. (1989) Cell. 56:27-35. [Note: This is the 1st paper to use the term

                                                                                        Superantigen!]

             3.  Marrack, P. & J. Kappler. The Staphylococcal Enterotoxins and Their Relatives. (1990)

                   Science. 248705-711.

             4.  Johnson H. et al. Superantigens in Human Disease. (1992) Scientific American. April: 92-101.

             5.  Hudson, K.R. et al. Two Adjacent Residues in Staphylococcal Enterotoxins A and E

                  Determine T Cell Receptor Vß Specificity. (1993) J. Exp. Med. 177:175-184.

             6.  Kotb, M. Bacterial Pyrogenic Exotoxins as Superantigens. (1995) Clin. Microbiol. Rev.

                  8:411-426.

             7.  Proft,T. & J. Fraser. Superantigens: Just Like Peptides Only Different. (1998) J. Clin. Immunol.

                  Bernal, A. et al. 19:149-157.

             8.  Al-Daccak, R. et al. Staphylococcal Enterotoxin D Is a Promiscuous Superantigen Offering   

                   Multiple Modes of Interactions with the MHC Class II Receptors. (1998) J. Immunology.

                   160: 225-232.

             9.  Jarraud, S. et al. egc, A Highly Prevalent of Enterotoxin Gene, Forms a Putative  Nursery of

                  Superantigens in Staphylococcus aureus. (2001) J. Immunology. 166: 669-677.

            10.  LeClaire, R.D. and S. Bavari. Human Antibodies to Bacterial Superantigens and Their Ability

                   To Inhibit T-Cell Activation and Lethality. (2001) Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

                    45; 460-463.

Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxins as  Superantigens

1. Imanishi, K. et al. Activation of Murine T-Cells by Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin Type A.

       Requirement for MHC Class II Molecules on Accessory Cells and Identification of Vβ Elements in

       T-Cell Receptor of Toxin-reactive T-Cells. (1990) J. Immunol. 145:3170-3176.

             2.  Li, P-L. et al. The Superantigen Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin C (SPE-C) Exhibits a Novel

                  Mode of Action. (1997) J. Exp. Med. 186:375-383.

             3.  McCormick, J.K. et al. Functional Characterization of Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin J,

                  a Novel Superantigen. (2001) Infection and Immunity 69:1381-1388.

Shiga Toxin & Monoclonal Antibodies to SLT-1 & 2

              1.   Strockbine, N.A. et al. Characterization of  Monoclonal Antibodies against Shiga-Like Toxin

                    from Escherichia coli. 1985. Infection and Immunity. 50:695-700.

               2.  Pouch Downes, F. et al. Affinity Purification and Characterization of Shiga-Like Toxin II and

                    Production of toxin-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies. Infection and Immunity. 56:1926-1933.

3. Perera, L.P. et al. Isolation and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies to Shiga-Like

       Toxin II of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and Use of Monoclonal Antibodies in a

       Colony Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. 1988. J. Clin. Microbiol. 26:2127-213

4. Padhye, V.V. et al. Production and Characterization  of Monoclonal Antibodies to Verotoxins

                     1 and 2 from Escherichia coli of Serotype O 157:H7. 1989. J. Med. Micro. 30:219-226.

Bioterrorism & Bacterial Toxins

               1. Christopher, G.W., et al. Biological Warfare—A Historical Perspective. 1997.

                   JAMA. 278:412-417.

               2.  Franz, D.R., et al. Clinical Recognition and Management of Patients Exposed to Biological

                    Agents. 1997. JAMA. 278:399-411.

               3.  Schmitt, C.K. et al. Bacterial Toxins: Friends or Foes? 1999. Emerging Infectious Diseases.

                    5:224-234.

               4.  Greenfield, R.A., et al. Microbiological, Biological, and Chemical Weapons of Warfare and

                    Terrorism. 2002. Am. J. Med. Sci. 323:326-340.

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